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start:hype_model_description:hype_np_riv_lake [2020/02/14 11:20]
cpers [Primary production and mineralization]
start:hype_model_description:hype_np_riv_lake [2024/01/25 11:37] (current)
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 ===== Basic assumptions ===== ===== Basic assumptions =====
  
-Transformations of nutrients take place in lakes and rivers. For lakes, which are divided into fast (FLP) and slow (SLP) lake parts, the process is performed only in SLP (Fig. 1). For rivers, which hold delayed water in a queue and in the damping box, the processes is performed only in the damping box. +Transformations of nutrients take place in lakes and rivers. For lakes, the whole water volume take part. For rivers, which hold delayed water in a queue and in the damping box, the processes is performed only in the damping box. 
  
-|{{:​start:​hype_model_description:​nutrientflowinlake.png?400|}}| +| {{:​start:​hype_model_description:​lakeriver_npprocesses.png?500}}                                                                        
-|Figure 1: Nutrient flows in a lake that is affected by nutrient processes.|+| Figure 1: Sources and sinks of nitrogen and phosphorus ​in surface waters. |
  
 The processes of denitrification,​ primary production and mineralization have been implemented for both rivers and lakes. For particulate phosphorus (PP) there is an exchange with the river sediments. The rivers dimensions are used in the calculation of these processes. The width and depth of the watercourse are calculated from a number of empirical equations (for more information on these equations see "​Modelling phosphorus transport and retention in river networks"​ by Jörgen Rosberg). The processes of denitrification,​ primary production and mineralization have been implemented for both rivers and lakes. For particulate phosphorus (PP) there is an exchange with the river sediments. The rivers dimensions are used in the calculation of these processes. The width and depth of the watercourse are calculated from a number of empirical equations (for more information on these equations see "​Modelling phosphorus transport and retention in river networks"​ by Jörgen Rosberg).
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 ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^ ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
-|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|np_processes_in_river ​+|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_river ​
-|:::|np_processes_in_lake ​|+|:::|substance_processes_in_lake ​|
 |:::​|river_characteristics| |:::​|river_characteristics|
 |[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacesurfacewater__processes.html|surfacewater_processes (sw_proc.f90)]]|calculate_water_temperature|  ​ |[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacesurfacewater__processes.html|surfacewater_processes (sw_proc.f90)]]|calculate_water_temperature|  ​
 |:::​|set_water_temperature| |:::​|set_water_temperature|
 +
 +===== Nutrient sources =====
 +
 +The basic nutrient sources of rivers and lakes are the inflow from upstream catchment area. For local rivers the inflow is the sum of the runoff from land. For internal lakes, the inflow is a fraction of the local river flow. For main rivers, the inflow is the flow from local catchment (local river and internal lake) and the flow from upstream subbasins. For outlet lakes the inflow is the flow from the main river.
 +
 +| {{:​start:​hype_model_description:​hype_box_picture_v3_surfacewater.png?​550}} ​                                                |
 +| Figure 2: Schematic representation of water flows and storages in a subbasin of HYPE.  |
 +
 +Other nutrient sources can be additional inflow to the surface waters through water transfers, regional grundwater flow and aquifer flow.
 +==== Deposition ====
 +
 +Atmospheric deposition is added to lakes and rivers that have a class area. Deposition is described [[start:​hype_model_description:​processes_above_ground#​atmospheric_deposition|here]].
 +==== Rural household diffuse source ====
 +
 +Rural household diffuse source can be a source to local rivers. It can alternatively be added to the soil of some or all land classes, or be divided between the two recievers. It is described in detail under [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_soil#​rural_household_diffuse_source|Nutrient sources to land]].
 +
 +
 +==== Point sources ====
 +
 +Point sources are primarily added to the main river of a subbasin. For tracer T1 there is a possibility to instead add point sources at different locations of the surface water in the subbasins; to local river, to internal lake, to main river or to outlet lake.
  
 ===== Denitrification ===== ===== Denitrification =====
  
-Denitrification,​ a sink for inorganic nitrogen in lakes and rivers, is a function of the bottom area, the IN concentration (//conc//) in water volume, water temperature (<​m>​T_w</​m>​) and a rate parameter. The dependence on concentration is formulated as a half saturation equation. In the concentration function, the half saturation parameter (//​par<​sub>​half</​sub>//​) is a general parameter, but it was in earlier HYPE versions a constant equal to 1.5 mg/L. Denitrification (//​denitr//,​ //kg/day//) is limited to a maximum of 50% of the available IN pool (i.e. in SLP).+Denitrification,​ a sink for inorganic nitrogen in lakes and rivers, is a function of the bottom area, the IN concentration (//conc//) in water volume, water temperature (<​m>​T_w</​m>​) and a rate parameter. The dependence on concentration is formulated as a half saturation equation. In the concentration function, the half saturation parameter (//​par<​sub>​half</​sub>//​) is a general parameter, but it was in earlier HYPE versions a constant equal to 1.5 mg/L. Denitrification (//​denitr//,​ //kg/day//) is limited to a maximum of 50% of the available IN pool.
  
 <m> tmpfcn=delim{lbrace}{ ​ <m> tmpfcn=delim{lbrace}{ ​
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 ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^ ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
-|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|np_processes_in_river ​+|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_river ​
-|:::|np_processes_in_lake|+|:::|substance_processes_in_lake|
 |:::​|denitrification_water| |:::​|denitrification_water|
  
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 <m> TPfcn = {TP-lim} / {(TP-lim) + hsatTP} </m> <m> TPfcn = {TP-lim} / {(TP-lim) + hsatTP} </m>
  
-For lakes, the process is acting only in lake part SLP, while the processes are active throughout the watercourse volume. ​The estimated production/​mineralization (//​minprodNpot//,​ kg / day) is the potential transformation,​ and may be limited by the availability of nutrients. Only 50% of the available IN the pool (at the primary production) or 50% of the ON-pool (for mineralization) can be transformed. The potential phosphorus conversion (//​minprodPpot//​) is calculated in the same way, but with its own parameter (//​wprodp//​) and a factor for phosphorus/​nitrogen ratio (//​NPratio//​ = 1/7.2). Similarly, there is a restriction against transforming maximum 50% of the SP and PP pools. The parameters //wprodn// and //wprodp// is generic or can be specified for each lake. The area is equal to lake area for lakes and bottom area for rivers (width multiplied by the length of the watercourse,​ see [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_riv_lake#​basic_assumptions|Basic assumptions]],​ or if the river is a class, the class' area). The water depth (//depth//) is the SLP lake part, and for the river the depth calculated [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_riv_lake#​basic_assumptions|above]].+The estimated production/​mineralization (//​minprodNpot//,​ kg / day) is the potential transformation,​ and may be limited by the availability of nutrients. Only 50% of the available IN the pool (at the primary production) or 50% of the ON-pool (for mineralization) can be transformed. The potential phosphorus conversion (//​minprodPpot//​) is calculated in the same way, but with its own parameter (//​wprodp//​) and a factor for phosphorus/​nitrogen ratio (//​NPratio//​ = 1/7.2). Similarly, there is a restriction against transforming maximum 50% of the SP and PP pools. The parameters //wprodn// and //wprodp// is generic or can be specified for each lake. The area is equal to lake area for lakes and bottom area for rivers (width multiplied by the length of the watercourse,​ see [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_riv_lake#​basic_assumptions|Basic assumptions]],​ or if the river is a class, the class' area). The water depth (//depth//) is the lake depth, and for the river the depth calculated [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_riv_lake#​basic_assumptions|above]].
  
  
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 ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^ ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
-|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|np_processes_in_river ​+|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_river ​
-|:::|np_processes_in_lake|+|:::|substance_processes_in_lake|
 |:::​|production_mineralisation| |:::​|production_mineralisation|
 |:::​|calculate_lake_tpmean| |:::​|calculate_lake_tpmean|
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-===== Sedimentation/Resuspension =====+===== Sedimentation ​and Resuspension =====
  
-Sedimentation in lakes is a sink for particulate phosphorus (PP) and organic nitrogen (ON), as well as for suspended sediments (SS) and algae (AE). Sedimentation (//sed////kg/day//) is calculated as a function of concentration (//conc//) in the lake and lake area (//area//). The sedimentation rate (//​par<​sub>​sed</​sub>//​) is given by parameters (//sedon//, //sedpp//, //sedss//, //sedae//) which are generic, but ON and PP sedimentation ​can be specified for each lake. The concentration used in the equation may be limited ​(//lim//) by general parameters (//​limsedON//,​ //​limsedPP//,​ //​limsedSS//​),​ but not for AE (//​lim//​=0).+Sedimentation in **lakes** is a sink for particulate phosphorus (PP) and organic nitrogen (ON), as well as for suspended sediments (SS)algae (AE), and silica in algae (AS). Sedimentation (//sed<​sub>​lake<​/sub>, kg/timestep//) is calculated as a function of concentration (//conc//) in the lake and lake area (//area, m<​sup>​2</​sup>​//). The sedimentation rate (//​par<​sub>​sed</​sub>​, m/timestep//) is given by parameters (//sedon//, //sedpp//, //sedss//, //sedae//,//sedsi//) which are generic, but can be specified for each lake. The concentration used in the equation may be reduced ​(//lim, mg/L//) by general parameters (//​limsedON//,​ //​limsedPP//,​ //​limsedSS//​),​ but not for AE (//lim//=0). No sedimentation occurs unless the concentration is above this limit.
  
-<​m> ​sed = par_sed * (conc-lim) * area </m>+<​m> ​sed_lake ​= par_sed * (conc-lim) * area *10^-3 ​</m>
  
 +The sedimentation is additionally limited by the amount of substance in the lake. If the lake is shallow or the sedimentation rate (sinking velocity) high, all substances in the lake may settle on the bottom.
  
 +In the **river** we simulate both sedimentation and resuspension. No particles are removed from the simulation by sedimentation. For the original model they are redistributed over time and can come back through resuspension. For the alternative model it is possible to resupend more particles than is previously settled. This double process is used for particulate phosphorus (PP) (described here) as well as for [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_sediment#​sedimentation_resuspension_in_rivers|suspended sediments]] (SS) and [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_tracer#​processes|tracers]] (T1).  Particles in the sediments is collected in a pool (//​sedimentpool,​ kg//).
  
-In the river no particles are removed, but they are redistributed over time. This process is used for particulate phosphorus (PP) and suspended sediments (SS). The process is a combination of sedimentation (//sed//, //m/day//) and resuspension (//​resusp//,​ //m/day//). Particles in the sediments is collected in a pool (//​sedimentpool//​) which will increase as particles from the water volume (//​waterpool//​) settle at low water flows. ​The higher the water flow the lower the sedimentation ​and more particles returns to the water. ​This combined ​process ​is governed by the general parameter //sedexp//. The net effect is determined by the sign of the variable (-1 <//​sedresp//​ <1).+For the **original model** ​the sediment ​pool will increase as particles from the water volume (//​waterpool, kg//) settle at low water flows, and vice versaAt high water flow the sedimentation is lower and the resuspension higher, ​and more particles returns to the water. ​The net effect of these combined ​processes are given by the variable //​sedresp//​. It is governed by the current flow (//flow//) in relation to the bankful flow (//qbank//) and a general parameter //sedexp//. The net effect is determined by the sign of the variable (-1 <//​sedresp//​ <1), and the variable size give the fraction of the pool that is transfered per day. The process will give either net sedimentation (//settl, kg/day//) or resuspension (//resusp, kg/day//).
  
 <m> sedresp=max(-1.,​min(1.,​{{qbank-flow}/​qbank}^{sedexp}-{flow/​qbank}^{sedexp})) </m> <m> sedresp=max(-1.,​min(1.,​{{qbank-flow}/​qbank}^{sedexp}-{flow/​qbank}^{sedexp})) </m>
  
-<​m> ​sed = {lbrace}{matrix{2}{2}{{sedresp * waterpool}{sedresp > 0}{0}{sedresp < 0}}} </m>+<​m> ​settl = {lbrace}{matrix{2}{2}{{sedresp * waterpool}{sedresp > 0}{0}{sedresp < 0}}} </m>
  
 <m> resusp = {lbrace}{matrix{2}{2}{{- sedresp * sedimentpool}{sedresp < 0}{0}{sedresp > 0}}} </m> <m> resusp = {lbrace}{matrix{2}{2}{{- sedresp * sedimentpool}{sedresp < 0}{0}{sedresp > 0}}} </m>
  
  
-where //flow// is the current river flow (//m3/s//) and //qbank// is the flow when river is filled to the brim. This flow is calculated as the second largest simulated flow in the last year. It is adjusted with a correction factor of 0.7 before use in the //sedresp// equation.+where //flow// is the current river flow (//m3/s//) and //qbank// is the flow when river is filled to the brim. The latter ​flow is calculated as the second largest simulated flow in the last year. It is adjusted with a correction factor of 0.7 before use in the //sedresp// equation. The first alternative model is the same as the original model but the correction factor can be calibrated. It is given by general model parameter //qbank//.
  
 +The **second alternative model** is based on a simplified Bagnold equation (see Chapter on [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_sediment#​sedimentation_resuspension_in_rivers|Sediment]]). It is used to simulate suspended sediment, and particulate phosphorus use it by exchanging the parameters for maximum sediment concentration (//spcon, spexp//) to parameters for maximum particulate phosphorus concentration (//​suspconPP,​suspexpPP//​). ​
  
  
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 ^Symbol ^Parameter/​Data ^File ^ ^Symbol ^Parameter/​Data ^File ^
 |//​area//​|//​slc_nn,​ area//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​geodata.txt|GeoData.txt]]| |//​area//​|//​slc_nn,​ area//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​geodata.txt|GeoData.txt]]|
-|<​m>​par_sed</​m>​|//​sedpp,​ sedon//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]] or [[start:​hype_file_reference:​lakedata.txt|LakeData.txt]]| +|<​m>​par_sed</​m>​|//​sedpp,​ sedon, sedss, sedsi//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]] or [[start:​hype_file_reference:​lakedata.txt|LakeData.txt]]| 
-|:::|//sedss, ​sedae//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]]|+|:::​|//​sedae//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]]|
 |//​lim//​|//​limsedON,​ limsedPP, limsedSS//​|:::​| |//​lim//​|//​limsedON,​ limsedPP, limsedSS//​|:::​|
-| |//​sedexp//​|:::​|+| |//sedexp, qbank//​|:::​| 
 +|//​spcon,​spexp//​ |//​suspconpp,​ suspexppp//|:::|
  
 ==== Links to relevant procedures in the code ====  ​ ==== Links to relevant procedures in the code ====  ​
  
 ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^ ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
-|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|np_processes_in_river ​+|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (npc_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_river ​
-|:::|np_processes_in_lake|+|:::|substance_processes_in_lake|
 |:::​|lake_sedimentation| |:::​|lake_sedimentation|
-|:::|sedimentation_resuspension|+|:::|river_sedimentation_resuspension|
  
  
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 ^Symbol ^Parameter/​Data ^File ^ ^Symbol ^Parameter/​Data ^File ^
-|<​m>​par_prod</​m>​|//​prodPP,​ prodSP//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]]|+|<​m>​par_prod</​m>​|//​prodPP,​ prodSP//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​lakedata.txt|LakeData.txt]]|
  
  
Line 195: Line 219:
  
 ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^ ^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
-|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (np_sw_proc.f90)]]|np_processes_in_lake ​|+|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (np_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_lake ​|
 |:::​|internal_lake_load| |:::​|internal_lake_load|
  
 +=====Macrophyte uptake=====
 +
 +For shallow waters in rivers and lakes macrophytes can grow and take up inorganic nutrients (IN and SP). The nutrients are lost to the model. Macrophyte uptake are controlled by a temperature function (//​tmpfcn//​) and a concentration function (//TPfcn//) for total phosphorus. The temperature function is composed of two parts; one exponential and one dependent on the water temperature (//Tw//) above the average temperature of the last twenty days (//T20//). The concentration function is the same half-saturation function as for production and mineralisation [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_np_riv_lake#​primary_production_and_mineralization|above]].
 +
 +<m> tmpfcn = (Tw/20)^0.3 * (Tw-T20)/5, Tw>0 and tempfcn>​0 </m>
 +
 +The bottomarea (//​fracarea//​) that is shallower than a production depth (//​proddep//​ set by general parameters) is assumed to be active with macrophyte uptake. The river or lake are for this purpose assumed to be decreasing linearly with depth until twice the average depth. ​
 +
 +<m> fracarea = {proddep / (2*vol/​area)} * area </m>
 +
 +The uptake (//upt//) is limited to maximum 50% of the available nutrients and the whole equation becomes:
 +
 +<m> upt = uptpar * tmpfcn * TPfcn * fracarea </m>
 +
 +The uptake rate parameters (//​uptpar//​),​ different for IN and SP, are general. The process is similar to the [[start:​hype_model_description:​hype_human_water#​wetland_nutrient_processes1|modelled macrophyte uptake in wetlands]].
 +
 +==== Links to file reference ====
 +
 +^Symbol^Parameter/​Data ^File ^
 +|//​uptpar//​|//​muptn,​ muptp//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]] or [[start:​hype_file_reference:​lakedata.txt|LakeData.txt]]|
 +|:::​|//​muptnriv,​ muptpriv//​|[[start:​hype_file_reference:​par.txt|par.txt]]|
 +|//​proddep//​|//​muptdep,​ muptdepriv//​|:::​|
 +
 +
 +==== Links to relevant procedures in the code ====  ​
 +
 +^Modules (file) ^Procedures ^
 +|[[http://​hype.sourceforge.net/​doxy-html/​namespacenpc__surfacewater__processes.html|npc_surfacewater_processes (np_sw_proc.f90)]]|substance_processes_in_lake |
 +|:::​|macrophyte_uptaked|
  
start/hype_model_description/hype_np_riv_lake.1581675656.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/11/16 14:28 (external edit)